Introduction In the fog-shrouded streets of London’s East End in the late 19th century, a shadow lurked—one whose name would become synonymous with mystery, horror, and the unknown. Jack the Ripper remains one of the most notorious unidentified serial killers in history. The brutal murders he committed in 1888 not only horrified Victorian soci

The war that began in 1914 was characterized by rapid military movements, but also a brutal and prolonged stalemate. Germany’s Schlieffen Plan failed to bring a quick victory, as Belgian resistance and British intervention slowed the advance. By the end of 1914, the Western Front had become a static trench warfare line stretching from the Nort

1 The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie were assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb nationalist affiliated with the group known as the Black Hand. This assassination was the immediate trigger for the war. Austria-Hu

1.1 Nationalism By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, nationalism had become a potent force in Europe. This ideology emphasized the interests of a particular nation, often tied to ethnic or cultural identity, and fostered intense loyalty and pride. However, nationalism also encouraged rivalries and ethnic tensions, especially in multi-ethnic